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| Bach's St Matthew Passion is always described as a double-choir composition for two choirs and two orchestras. Two large ensembles play in dialogue, and the score presents a symmetrical structure. The scoring of the two groups of singers and players is identical, and each ensemble has four soloists for the arias. On the stage one often sees two equal groups of singers, and an orchestra likewise divided exactly into two. The Evangelist and Jesus are often the only exceptions to this impressive symmetry.
There are reasons enough, however, to look at the score in another way. Firstly, there is the Bible story itself, which is told entirely in Coro I (Bach speaks of Coro, by which he means all the singers and players of one ensemble, not just the choir). In his score, Bach even distinguishes the Evangelist's part in Coro I by writing it in red ink. The role of Coro II, besides its contribution to the cries of the crowd in the story and to the chorales, is limited to delivering commentary.
In the organization of the score as well there are considerable distinctions: almost all the important arias are to be found in Coro I - and there are twice as many as in Coro II - and the composition technique reveals major differences. In contrast to the great wealth of instrumental solos in Coro I, the writing for Coro II is much simpler: the instruments often double other parts, and instrumental solos are entirely absent. The score gives a strong impression of hierarchy, rather than equality or symmetry.
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